Wednesday, March 14, 2012

The Neutron Star

I've always been interested in discovering the fundamental properties of the most basic of matter, but had never thought to look to the skies. The neutron star is absolutely phenomenal. When a Supergiant doesn't create enough pressure from its core,  it collapses. A neutron star is formed when a degenerate core of a Supergiant nears a limit, the Chandrasekhar limit, and collapses. The core is so massive, that the gravitational force-which is normally much weaker than the strong force- overpowers and pulls the matter closer. Even though there is no fusion within the core, there is still neutron degeneracy pressure that holds the star up. While they are no where near as massive as Supergiants, if there were even a modest neutron star of 1.4 M (that's about 10^57 neutrons) with a radius of about 10 Km, it's average density (deeper in the core has an even greater density) would be 6.65e17 Kg m^-3. This is huge even compared to the typical density of the atomic nucleus of 2.3e17 Kg m^-3. Such a mass would result in the acceleration of an object due to gravity to be 1.86e12 m s^-2 or 190 BILLION times that of Earth. This is so big that if one were to drop an object from a mere meter above the surface of a neutron star, using classical Newtonian mechanics, the object would crash into the surface at a speed of 1.93e6 m/s or .06 times the speed of light. This means that the result of so much mass in a compressed volume requires an accurate description of a neutron star to necessarily include special and general relativity.
It is clear hat such high densities have an odd effect on matter. The fluid of free neutrons within the neutron star can spontaneously pair, changing into bosons, such that they no longer are restricted by the pauli exclusion principle. This is significant because it means that this fluid could be a superfluid, one which has no resistance. So a swirling puddle of free neutron pairs could spin forever without ever slowing down. Also, as density continues to increase, it is possible for both the pairing of neutrons and protons to create a superconductor that carries no electrical resistance.

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